A medical encyclopedia with new approach graphene quantum dots for anti-breast cancer applications: mini review
Keywords:
Graphene quantum dots, Breast cancer, Biomedicine
Abstract
In Last years, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received develop consideration due to their attributes such as small size and light weight, fluorescence detects , liquid solvability, biomedicine, photo sensors , drug delivery, gene delivery, and cancer therapy refers to new approaches. Graphene quantum dots are fluorescent graphene nanostructures with sizes Low. The fluorescence in GQDs emanates through two original the fluorescence emission from bond fracture energy transmission of interlace π-domains and in this material from surface deficiency. The GQDs have found applications in multiple areas such as nano medicine. The GQDs have less toxicity and other particular properties in comparison to materials, quantum dots which make them superior properties for medical applications. In this article, we discuss the applications of GQDs in breast cancer control, drug delivery system and breast cancer treatment. In this work, the articles we used to treat breast cancer are all based on graphene-based conjugates and graphene. In fact, we provide a summary of the latest advances in the treatment of breast cancer using GQD, existing problems and innovative methods. The purpose of this study is to find answers to questions that help us in the treatment of breast cancer, such as why patients do not survive long, a general understanding of the biology of cancer cells and how nanocomponents work in the treatment of these patients. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate GQD as a potential anti-metastatic agent.
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References
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14. Verma R, Bowen R, Slater S, Mihaimeed F, Jones J. Pathological and epidemiological factors associated with advanced stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. British medical bulletin. 2012;103(1):129-45.
15. Druesne-Pecollo N, Keita Y, Touvier M, Chan DS, Norat T, Hercberg S, et al. Alcohol drinking and second primary cancer risk in patients with upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2014;23(2):324-31.
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21. Liyanage PY, Hettiarachchi SD, Zhou Y, Ouhtit A, Seven ES, Oztan CY, et al. Nanoparticle-mediated targeted drug delivery for breast cancer treatment. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer. 2019;1871(2):419-33.
22. Lee JJ, Yazan LS, Abdullah CAC. A review on current nanomaterials and their drug conjugate for targeted breast cancer treatment. International journal of nanomedicine. 2017;12:2373.
23. Su W, Guo R, Yuan F, Li Y, Li X, Zhang Y, et al. Red-Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots for Nuclear Drug Delivery in Cancer Stem Cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2020;11(4):1357-63.
24. Molaei MJ. Carbon quantum dots and their biomedical and therapeutic applications: a review. RSC advances. 2019;9(12):6460-81.
25. Mousavi SM, Soroshnia S, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Ghasemi Y, Savardashtaki A, et al. Graphene nano-ribbon based high potential and efficiency for DNA, cancer therapy and drug delivery applications. Drug metabolism reviews. 2019;51(1):91-104.
26. Raeisi F, Raeisi E. Mini review of polysaccharide nanoparticles and drug delivery process. Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies. 2020;1(2):33-44.
27. Wang Z, Liao H, Wu H, Wang B, Zhao H, Tan M. Fluorescent carbon dots from beer for breast cancer cell imaging and drug delivery. Analytical Methods. 2015;7(20):8911-7.
28. Singh SK, Singh S, Lillard Jr JW, Singh R. Drug delivery approaches for breast cancer. International journal of nanomedicine. 2017;12:6205.
29. Azimian H, Dayyani M, Toossi MTB, Mahmoudi M. Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio in prediction of response to breast cancer radiotherapy. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2018;21(3):325.
30. Lau W, Ho S, Leung T, Chan M, Ho R, Johnson P, et al. Selective internal radiation therapy for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intraarterial infusion of 90yttrium microspheres. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1998;40(3):583-92.
31. Perez CA, Hanks GE, Leibel SA, Zietman AL, Fuks Z, Lee WR. Localized carcinoma of the prostate (stages T1B, T1C, T2, and T3). Review of management with external beam radiation therapy. Cancer. 1993;72(11):3156-73.
32. Reinhard EH, Moore CV, Bierbaum OS, Moore S. Radioactive phosphorus as a therapeutic agent. A review of the literature and analysis of the results of treatment of 155 patients with various blood dyscrasias, lymphomas, and other malignant neoplastic diseases. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine. 1946;31(2):107-215.
33. Bahrani S, Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Azhdari R. Zinc-based metal–organic frameworks as nontoxic and biodegradable platforms for biomedical applications: review study. Drug metabolism reviews. 2019;51(3):356-77.
34. Ragaz J, Jackson SM, Le N, Plenderleith IH, Spinelli JJ, Basco VE, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;337(14):956-62.
35. Skyttä T, Tuohinen S, Boman E, Virtanen V, Raatikainen P, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P-L. Troponin T-release associates with cardiac radiation doses during adjuvant left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy. Radiation Oncology. 2015;10(1):141.
36. Mousavi SM, Zarei M, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Amani AM. A conceptual review of rhodanine: current applications of antiviral drugs, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2019;47(1):1132-48.
37. Bacon M, Bradley SJ, Nann T. Graphene quantum dots. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization. 2014;31(4):415-28.
38. Yin H, Zhou Y, Chen C, Zhu L, Ai S. An electrochemical signal ‘off–on’sensing platform for microRNA detection. Analyst. 2012;137(6):1389-95.
39. Li H, He J, Li S, Turner AP. Electrochemical immunosensor with N-doped graphene-modified electrode for label-free detection of the breast cancer biomarker CA 15-3. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2013;43:25-9.
40. Ilkhani H, Sarparast M, Noori A, Bathaie SZ, Mousavi MF. Electrochemical aptamer/antibody based sandwich immunosensor for the detection of EGFR, a cancer biomarker, using gold nanoparticles as a signaling probe. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2015;74:491-7.
41. Zhao J, He X, Bo B, Liu X, Yin Y, Li G. A “signal-on” electrochemical aptasensor for simultaneous detection of two tumor markers. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2012;34(1):249-52.
42. Meirinho SG, Dias LG, Peres AM, Rodrigues LR. Development of an electrochemical RNA-aptasensor to detect human osteopontin. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2015;71:332-41.
43. Tabasi A, Noorbakhsh A, Sharifi E. Reduced graphene oxide-chitosan-aptamer interface as new platform for ultrasensitive detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2017;95:117-23.
44. Zhu Y, Chandra P, Shim Y-B. Ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical diagnosis of breast cancer based on a hydrazine–Au nanoparticle–aptamer bioconjugate. Analytical chemistry. 2013;85(2):1058-64.
45. Emami M, Shamsipur M, Saber R, Irajirad R. An electrochemical immunosensor for detection of a breast cancer biomarker based on antiHER2–iron oxide nanoparticle bioconjugates. Analyst. 2014;139(11):2858-66.
46. Chun L, Kim S-E, Cho M, Choe W-s, Nam J, Lee DW, et al. Electrochemical detection of HER2 using single stranded DNA aptamer modified gold nanoparticles electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2013;186:446-50.
47. Saeed AA, Sánchez JLA, O'Sullivan CK, Abbas MN. DNA biosensors based on gold nanoparticles-modified graphene oxide for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis. Bioelectrochemistry. 2017;118:91-9.
48. Mousavi SM, Low FW, Hashemi SA, Samsudin NA, Shakeri M, Yusoff Y, et al. Development of hydrophobic reduced graphene oxide as a new efficient approach for photochemotherapy. RSC Advances. 2020;10(22):12851-63.
49. Ma H, Bernstein L, Pike MC, Ursin G. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk according to joint estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Breast Cancer Research. 2006;8(4):R43.
50. Sisti JS, Collins LC, Beck AH, Tamimi RM, Rosner BA, Eliassen AH. Reproductive risk factors in relation to molecular subtypes of breast cancer: Results from the nurses' health studies. International journal of cancer. 2016;138(10):2346-56.
51. Veisy A, Lotfinejad S, Salehi K, Zhian F. Risk of breast cancer in relation to reproductive factors in North-West of Iran, 2013-2014. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015;16(2):451-5.
52. Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM. Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiologic reviews. 1993;15(1):36.
53. Brinton L, Hoover R, Fraumeni Jr J. Reproductive factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 1983;47(6):757.
54. Mousavi M, Hashemi A, Arjmand O, Amani AM, Babapoor A, Fateh MA, et al. Erythrosine adsorption from aqueous solution via decorated graphene oxide with magnetic iron oxide nano particles: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Acta Chimica Slovenica. 2018;65(4):882-94.
55. Pike MC, Krailo M, Henderson B, Casagrande J, Hoel D. ‘Hormonal’risk factors,‘breast tissue age’and the age-incidence of breast cancer. Nature. 1983;303(5920):767-70.
56. Simpson PT, Reis‐Filho JS, Gale T, Lakhani SR. Molecular evolution of breast cancer. The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 2005;205(2):248-54.
57. Beck AH, Sangoi AR, Leung S, Marinelli RJ, Nielsen TO, Van De Vijver MJ, et al. Systematic analysis of breast cancer morphology uncovers stromal features associated with survival. Science translational medicine. 2011;3(108):108ra13-ra13.
58. Aleskandarany MA, Vandenberghe ME, Marchiò C, Ellis IO, Sapino A, Rakha EA. Tumour heterogeneity of breast cancer: from morphology to personalised medicine. Pathobiology. 2018;85(1-2):23-34.
59. Heng YJ, Lester SC, Tse GM, Factor RE, Allison KH, Collins LC, et al. The molecular basis of breast cancer pathological phenotypes. The Journal of pathology. 2017;241(3):375-91.
60. Valencia OM, Samuel SE, Viscusi RK, Riall TS, Neumayer LA, Aziz H. The role of genetic testing in patients with breast cancer: a review. JAMA surgery. 2017;152(6):589-94.
61. Beca F, Polyak K. Intratumor Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2016;882:169-89. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22909-6_7.
62. Mousavi SM, Zarei M, Hashemi SA. Polydopamine for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery System. Medicinal Chemistry. 2018;08. doi: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000516.
63. Claus EB, Schildkraut JM, Thompson WD, Risch NJ. The genetic attributable risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer. 1996;77(11):2318-24. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960601)77:11<2318::aid-cncr21>3.0.co;2-z.
64. Easton DF, Bishop DT, Ford D, Crockford GP. Genetic linkage analysis in familial breast and ovarian cancer: results from 214 families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. American journal of human genetics. 1993;52(4):678-701.
65. Byler S, Goldgar S, Heerboth S, Leary M, Housman G, Moulton K, et al. Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Breast Cancer Progression and Therapy. Anticancer research. 2014;34:1071-7.
2. Baldo S, Buccheri S, Ballo A, Camarda M, La Magna A, Castagna M, et al. Carbon nanotube-based sensing devices for human Arginase-1 detection. Sensing and bio-sensing research. 2016;7:168-73.
3. Behbudi G. Mini review of Graphene Oxide for medical detection and applications. Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies. 2020;1(3):63-6.
4. Garayemi S, Raeisi F. Graphene Oxide as a Docking Station for Modern Drug Delivery System. by Ulva lactuca species study its antimicrobial, anti-fungal and anti-Blood cancer activity. Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies. 2020;1(2):53-62.
5. Iannazzo D, Pistone A, Celesti C, Triolo C, Patané S, Giofré SV, et al. A Smart Nanovector for Cancer Targeted Drug Delivery Based on Graphene Quantum Dots. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(2):282.
6. Chen M-L, He Y-J, Chen X-W, Wang J-H. Quantum-dot-conjugated graphene as a probe for simultaneous cancer-targeted fluorescent imaging, tracking, and monitoring drug delivery. Bioconjugate chemistry. 2013;24(3):387-97.
7. Wang C, Wu C, Zhou X, Han T, Xin X, Wu J, et al. Enhancing cell nucleus accumulation and DNA cleavage activity of anti-cancer drug via graphene quantum dots. Scientific reports. 2013;3:2852.
8. Akbarnia A, Zare HR. A voltammetric assay for microRNA-25 based on the use of amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots and ss-and ds-DNAs as gene probes. Microchimica Acta. 2018;185(11):503.
9. Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Bahrani S, Ramakrishna S. Integrated polyaniline with graphene oxide-iron tungsten nitride nanoflakes as ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for precise detection of 4-nitrophenol within aquatic media. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2020;873:114406.
10. Hoseinzadeh A, Sadeghipour Y, Behbudi G. Investigation Preliminary antimicrobial and anticancer properties: on Topic Rubia tinctorum plant by using Polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS). Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies. 2020;1(1):10-9.
11. Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nature reviews cancer. 2005;5(3):161-71.
12. Splinter R, Hooper BA. An introduction to biomedical optics. Taylor & Francis; 2006.
13. Huang X, El-Sayed IH, Qian W, El-Sayed MA. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2006;128(6):2115-20.
14. Verma R, Bowen R, Slater S, Mihaimeed F, Jones J. Pathological and epidemiological factors associated with advanced stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. British medical bulletin. 2012;103(1):129-45.
15. Druesne-Pecollo N, Keita Y, Touvier M, Chan DS, Norat T, Hercberg S, et al. Alcohol drinking and second primary cancer risk in patients with upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2014;23(2):324-31.
16. Youlden DR, Baade PD, Valery PC, Ward LJ, Green AC, Aitken JF. Childhood cancer mortality in Australia. Cancer epidemiology. 2012;36(5):476-80.
17. DeSantis C, Ma J, Bryan L, Jemal A. Breast cancer statistics, 2013. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2014;64(1):52-62.
18. Girish C, Vijayalakshmi P, Mentham R, Rao CB, Nama S. A review on breast cancer. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2014;4(2):47-54.
19. Chávez N, Salamanca M. Epidemiología del cáncer de mama en hombres atendidos en el Centro Médico Nacional 20 de noviembre. Rev Esp Méd Quir. 2014;19(3):268.
20. Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Ghasemi Y, Amani AM, Babapoor A, Arjmand O. Applications of graphene oxide in case of nanomedicines and nanocarriers for biomolecules: review study. Drug metabolism reviews. 2019;51(1):12-41.
21. Liyanage PY, Hettiarachchi SD, Zhou Y, Ouhtit A, Seven ES, Oztan CY, et al. Nanoparticle-mediated targeted drug delivery for breast cancer treatment. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer. 2019;1871(2):419-33.
22. Lee JJ, Yazan LS, Abdullah CAC. A review on current nanomaterials and their drug conjugate for targeted breast cancer treatment. International journal of nanomedicine. 2017;12:2373.
23. Su W, Guo R, Yuan F, Li Y, Li X, Zhang Y, et al. Red-Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots for Nuclear Drug Delivery in Cancer Stem Cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2020;11(4):1357-63.
24. Molaei MJ. Carbon quantum dots and their biomedical and therapeutic applications: a review. RSC advances. 2019;9(12):6460-81.
25. Mousavi SM, Soroshnia S, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Ghasemi Y, Savardashtaki A, et al. Graphene nano-ribbon based high potential and efficiency for DNA, cancer therapy and drug delivery applications. Drug metabolism reviews. 2019;51(1):91-104.
26. Raeisi F, Raeisi E. Mini review of polysaccharide nanoparticles and drug delivery process. Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies. 2020;1(2):33-44.
27. Wang Z, Liao H, Wu H, Wang B, Zhao H, Tan M. Fluorescent carbon dots from beer for breast cancer cell imaging and drug delivery. Analytical Methods. 2015;7(20):8911-7.
28. Singh SK, Singh S, Lillard Jr JW, Singh R. Drug delivery approaches for breast cancer. International journal of nanomedicine. 2017;12:6205.
29. Azimian H, Dayyani M, Toossi MTB, Mahmoudi M. Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio in prediction of response to breast cancer radiotherapy. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2018;21(3):325.
30. Lau W, Ho S, Leung T, Chan M, Ho R, Johnson P, et al. Selective internal radiation therapy for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intraarterial infusion of 90yttrium microspheres. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1998;40(3):583-92.
31. Perez CA, Hanks GE, Leibel SA, Zietman AL, Fuks Z, Lee WR. Localized carcinoma of the prostate (stages T1B, T1C, T2, and T3). Review of management with external beam radiation therapy. Cancer. 1993;72(11):3156-73.
32. Reinhard EH, Moore CV, Bierbaum OS, Moore S. Radioactive phosphorus as a therapeutic agent. A review of the literature and analysis of the results of treatment of 155 patients with various blood dyscrasias, lymphomas, and other malignant neoplastic diseases. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine. 1946;31(2):107-215.
33. Bahrani S, Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Azhdari R. Zinc-based metal–organic frameworks as nontoxic and biodegradable platforms for biomedical applications: review study. Drug metabolism reviews. 2019;51(3):356-77.
34. Ragaz J, Jackson SM, Le N, Plenderleith IH, Spinelli JJ, Basco VE, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;337(14):956-62.
35. Skyttä T, Tuohinen S, Boman E, Virtanen V, Raatikainen P, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P-L. Troponin T-release associates with cardiac radiation doses during adjuvant left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy. Radiation Oncology. 2015;10(1):141.
36. Mousavi SM, Zarei M, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Amani AM. A conceptual review of rhodanine: current applications of antiviral drugs, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2019;47(1):1132-48.
37. Bacon M, Bradley SJ, Nann T. Graphene quantum dots. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization. 2014;31(4):415-28.
38. Yin H, Zhou Y, Chen C, Zhu L, Ai S. An electrochemical signal ‘off–on’sensing platform for microRNA detection. Analyst. 2012;137(6):1389-95.
39. Li H, He J, Li S, Turner AP. Electrochemical immunosensor with N-doped graphene-modified electrode for label-free detection of the breast cancer biomarker CA 15-3. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2013;43:25-9.
40. Ilkhani H, Sarparast M, Noori A, Bathaie SZ, Mousavi MF. Electrochemical aptamer/antibody based sandwich immunosensor for the detection of EGFR, a cancer biomarker, using gold nanoparticles as a signaling probe. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2015;74:491-7.
41. Zhao J, He X, Bo B, Liu X, Yin Y, Li G. A “signal-on” electrochemical aptasensor for simultaneous detection of two tumor markers. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2012;34(1):249-52.
42. Meirinho SG, Dias LG, Peres AM, Rodrigues LR. Development of an electrochemical RNA-aptasensor to detect human osteopontin. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2015;71:332-41.
43. Tabasi A, Noorbakhsh A, Sharifi E. Reduced graphene oxide-chitosan-aptamer interface as new platform for ultrasensitive detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2017;95:117-23.
44. Zhu Y, Chandra P, Shim Y-B. Ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical diagnosis of breast cancer based on a hydrazine–Au nanoparticle–aptamer bioconjugate. Analytical chemistry. 2013;85(2):1058-64.
45. Emami M, Shamsipur M, Saber R, Irajirad R. An electrochemical immunosensor for detection of a breast cancer biomarker based on antiHER2–iron oxide nanoparticle bioconjugates. Analyst. 2014;139(11):2858-66.
46. Chun L, Kim S-E, Cho M, Choe W-s, Nam J, Lee DW, et al. Electrochemical detection of HER2 using single stranded DNA aptamer modified gold nanoparticles electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2013;186:446-50.
47. Saeed AA, Sánchez JLA, O'Sullivan CK, Abbas MN. DNA biosensors based on gold nanoparticles-modified graphene oxide for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis. Bioelectrochemistry. 2017;118:91-9.
48. Mousavi SM, Low FW, Hashemi SA, Samsudin NA, Shakeri M, Yusoff Y, et al. Development of hydrophobic reduced graphene oxide as a new efficient approach for photochemotherapy. RSC Advances. 2020;10(22):12851-63.
49. Ma H, Bernstein L, Pike MC, Ursin G. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk according to joint estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Breast Cancer Research. 2006;8(4):R43.
50. Sisti JS, Collins LC, Beck AH, Tamimi RM, Rosner BA, Eliassen AH. Reproductive risk factors in relation to molecular subtypes of breast cancer: Results from the nurses' health studies. International journal of cancer. 2016;138(10):2346-56.
51. Veisy A, Lotfinejad S, Salehi K, Zhian F. Risk of breast cancer in relation to reproductive factors in North-West of Iran, 2013-2014. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015;16(2):451-5.
52. Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM. Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiologic reviews. 1993;15(1):36.
53. Brinton L, Hoover R, Fraumeni Jr J. Reproductive factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 1983;47(6):757.
54. Mousavi M, Hashemi A, Arjmand O, Amani AM, Babapoor A, Fateh MA, et al. Erythrosine adsorption from aqueous solution via decorated graphene oxide with magnetic iron oxide nano particles: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Acta Chimica Slovenica. 2018;65(4):882-94.
55. Pike MC, Krailo M, Henderson B, Casagrande J, Hoel D. ‘Hormonal’risk factors,‘breast tissue age’and the age-incidence of breast cancer. Nature. 1983;303(5920):767-70.
56. Simpson PT, Reis‐Filho JS, Gale T, Lakhani SR. Molecular evolution of breast cancer. The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 2005;205(2):248-54.
57. Beck AH, Sangoi AR, Leung S, Marinelli RJ, Nielsen TO, Van De Vijver MJ, et al. Systematic analysis of breast cancer morphology uncovers stromal features associated with survival. Science translational medicine. 2011;3(108):108ra13-ra13.
58. Aleskandarany MA, Vandenberghe ME, Marchiò C, Ellis IO, Sapino A, Rakha EA. Tumour heterogeneity of breast cancer: from morphology to personalised medicine. Pathobiology. 2018;85(1-2):23-34.
59. Heng YJ, Lester SC, Tse GM, Factor RE, Allison KH, Collins LC, et al. The molecular basis of breast cancer pathological phenotypes. The Journal of pathology. 2017;241(3):375-91.
60. Valencia OM, Samuel SE, Viscusi RK, Riall TS, Neumayer LA, Aziz H. The role of genetic testing in patients with breast cancer: a review. JAMA surgery. 2017;152(6):589-94.
61. Beca F, Polyak K. Intratumor Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2016;882:169-89. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22909-6_7.
62. Mousavi SM, Zarei M, Hashemi SA. Polydopamine for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery System. Medicinal Chemistry. 2018;08. doi: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000516.
63. Claus EB, Schildkraut JM, Thompson WD, Risch NJ. The genetic attributable risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer. 1996;77(11):2318-24. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960601)77:11<2318::aid-cncr21>3.0.co;2-z.
64. Easton DF, Bishop DT, Ford D, Crockford GP. Genetic linkage analysis in familial breast and ovarian cancer: results from 214 families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. American journal of human genetics. 1993;52(4):678-701.
65. Byler S, Goldgar S, Heerboth S, Leary M, Housman G, Moulton K, et al. Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Breast Cancer Progression and Therapy. Anticancer research. 2014;34:1071-7.
Published
2020-12-20
How to Cite
1.
Masoumzade R, Behbudi G, Mazraedoost S. A medical encyclopedia with new approach graphene quantum dots for anti-breast cancer applications: mini review. AANBT [Internet]. 20Dec.2020 [cited 18Apr.2024];1(4):84-0. Available from: https://www.dormaj.org/index.php/AANBT/article/view/71
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